「脳卒中になればその瞬間から毎秒3200、毎分190万、12分で2300万個の脳細胞が死滅しますよ。」
というショッキングなビデオで始まるMontana Stroke InitiativeのHPにはAHAがまとめた脳卒中予防ガイドラインが載っています。http://www.montanastroke.org/Guidelines.htm
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/37/2/577.full
http://www.dphhs.mt.gov/publichealth/cardiovascular/documents/MTDPHHSCVHStrokeRehabReport_Final.pdf
内容を一部紹介します。
New device to remove stroke-causing blood clots proves better than standard tool
http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/new-device-to-remove-stroke-causing-237678.aspx
血圧
It is estimated that ≈50 000 000 Americans have hypertension.
There is a continuous association between both systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs) and the risk of ischemic stroke.
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials confirm an approximate 30% to 40% stroke risk reduction with BP lowering
米国内には高血圧患者がおよそ5000万人、降圧できれば脳卒中リスクが30~40% 減少する。
JNC-7 stresses the importance of lifestyle modifications in the overall management of hypertension.
Systolic BP reductions have been associated with weight loss; the consumption of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products; regular aerobic physical activity; and limited alcohol consumption.
JNC-7 は血圧を下げるためにはライフスタイルの改善が重要であることを強調している。 (Class I, Level of Evidence A Definition of Classes and Levels of Evidence Used in AHA Recommendations)
一方再発予防としての降圧療法は同協会のエビデンスレベル:Class IIa, Level of Evidence Bとグレードが下がるものの、血圧は120/80 mm Hg 以下に抑えることが推奨されている。
糖尿
Diabetes is estimated to affect 8% of the adult population.
成人の8%が糖尿病
the Oxfordshire Stroke Project, diabetes was 1 of 2 factors independently associated with stroke recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.85; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.90; P<0.01), and investigators estimated that 9.1% (95% CI, 2.0 to 20.2) of the recurrent strokes were attributable to diabetes.
脳卒中の9.1%は糖尿病は原因
Glucose control is recommended to near-normoglycemic levels among diabetics with ischemic stroke or TIA to reduce microvascular complications (Class I, Level of Evidence A)
血糖値を正常値に下げることが脳卒中発症リスクを軽減する。(Class I, Level of Evidence A)
NEJM Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attackhttp://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1107281では脳卒中再発予防を検討しており、結論としてAHAガイドラインを推奨する、というものでした。
この記事の中で脳卒中の10大リスク因子にも言及しており、それは以前紹介した「脳卒中の90%は、10のリスク因子に起因」と同様のものです。ソースはLancetでした。22カ国、3000人の脳卒中患者を対象にした、大規模な調査です。
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561675
Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The contribution of various risk factors to the burden of stroke worldwide is unknown, particularly in countries of low and middle income. We aimed to establish the association of known and emerging risk factors with stroke and its primary subtypes, assess the contribution of these risk factors to the burden of stroke, and explore the differences between risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction.
METHODS:
We undertook a standardised case-control study in 22 countries worldwide between March 1, 2007, and April 23, 2010. Cases were patients with acute first stroke (within 5 days of symptoms onset and 72 h of hospital admission). Controls had no history of stroke, and were matched with cases for age and sex. All participants completed a structured questionnaire and a physical examination, and most provided blood and urine samples. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and population-attributable risks (PARs) for the association of all stroke, ischaemic stroke, and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke with selected risk factors.
FINDINGS:
In the first 3000 cases (n=2337, 78%, with ischaemic stroke; n=663, 22%, with intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke) and 3000 controls, significant risk factors for all stroke were:
history of hypertension (OR 2.64, 99% CI 2.26-3.08; PAR 34.6%, 99% CI 30.4-39.1);
current smoking (2.09, 1.75-2.51; 18.9%, 15.3-23.1);
waist-to-hip ratio (1.65, 1.36-1.99 for highest vs lowest tertile; 26.5%, 18.8-36.0);
diet risk score (1.35, 1.11-1.64 for highest vs lowest tertile; 18.8%, 11.2-29.7);
regular physical activity (0.69, 0.53-0.90; 28.5%, 14.5-48.5);
diabetes mellitus (1.36, 1.10-1.68; 5.0%, 2.6-9.5);
alcohol intake (1.51, 1.18-1.92 for more than 30 drinks per month or binge drinking; 3.8%, 0.9-14.4);
psychosocial stress (1.30, 1.06-1.60; 4.6%, 2.1-9.6) and depression (1.35, 1.10-1.66; 5.2%, 2.7-9.8);
cardiac causes (2.38, 1.77-3.20; 6.7%, 4.8-9.1);
and ratio of apolipoproteins B to A1 (1.89, 1.49-2.40 for highest vs lowest tertile; 24.9%, 15.7-37.1).
Collectively, these risk factors accounted for 88.1% (99% CI 82.3-92.2) of the PAR for all stroke. When an alternate definition of hypertension was used (history of hypertension or blood pressure >160/90 mm Hg), the combined PAR was 90.3% (85.3-93.7) for all stroke. These risk factors were all significant for ischaemic stroke, whereas hypertension, smoking, waist-to-hip ratio, diet, and alcohol intake were significant risk factors for intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke.
INTERPRETATION:
Our findings suggest that ten risk factors are associated with 90% of the risk of stroke. Targeted interventions that reduce blood pressure and smoking, and promote physical activity and a healthy diet, could substantially reduce the burden of stroke.
FUNDING:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Canadian Stroke Network, Pfizer Cardiovascular Award, Merck, AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim.
再掲します。↓
虚血性脳卒中2,337例(78%)、出血性脳卒中663例(22%)の90.3%に以下の10項目いずれかが有意に関係していた。
(1)高血圧の既往歴
(2)喫煙
(3)ウエスト/ヒップ比
(4)脳卒中に関連する食事のリスクスコア
(5)規則的な身体活動
(6)糖尿病
(7)アルコール摂取・・・月に30杯以上飲酒する者あるいは大酒飲み(月に1回以上、5杯以上飲酒する日がある者)
(8)社会心理的ストレスおよびうつ病
(9)心臓の原因
(10)アポリポ蛋白B/A1比
追記
(4)脳卒中に関連する食事のリスクスコア について。
トマト、すなわちリコピンを多く摂ると脳卒中リスクが55%低下した、という研究がありました。http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19869666#?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2012/10/09/tomatoes-stroke-adhd-fish-mercury-expired-drugs/1622059/
ここで強調しているのは、リコピンよりもむしろ野菜、果物を積極的に摂ることです。野菜、果物の摂取によって抗酸化作用、抗炎症作用、抗血栓作用が期待できます。
39,786人の日本人男女を1990年から2008年まで追跡調査 ソフトドリンクの摂取で女性は脳卒中リスクが21%、脳梗塞リスクが83%Up 男性では有意差無し http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2012/10/17/ajcn.112.037903 http://www.seikatsusyukanbyo.com/calendar/2012/002189.php
Framingham Heart Study 脳の容量減少、白質病変増加は脳卒中発症リスク それぞれ1.97、2.74倍 http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/08/06/STROKEAHA.113.000947.short?rss=1&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
というショッキングなビデオで始まるMontana Stroke InitiativeのHPにはAHAがまとめた脳卒中予防ガイドラインが載っています。http://www.montanastroke.org/Guidelines.htm
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/37/2/577.full
http://www.dphhs.mt.gov/publichealth/cardiovascular/documents/MTDPHHSCVHStrokeRehabReport_Final.pdf
内容を一部紹介します。
New device to remove stroke-causing blood clots proves better than standard tool
http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/new-device-to-remove-stroke-causing-237678.aspx
血圧
It is estimated that ≈50 000 000 Americans have hypertension.
There is a continuous association between both systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs) and the risk of ischemic stroke.
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials confirm an approximate 30% to 40% stroke risk reduction with BP lowering
米国内には高血圧患者がおよそ5000万人、降圧できれば脳卒中リスクが30~40% 減少する。
JNC-7 stresses the importance of lifestyle modifications in the overall management of hypertension.
Systolic BP reductions have been associated with weight loss; the consumption of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products; regular aerobic physical activity; and limited alcohol consumption.
JNC-7 は血圧を下げるためにはライフスタイルの改善が重要であることを強調している。 (Class I, Level of Evidence A Definition of Classes and Levels of Evidence Used in AHA Recommendations)
一方再発予防としての降圧療法は同協会のエビデンスレベル:Class IIa, Level of Evidence Bとグレードが下がるものの、血圧は120/80 mm Hg 以下に抑えることが推奨されている。
糖尿
Diabetes is estimated to affect 8% of the adult population.
成人の8%が糖尿病
the Oxfordshire Stroke Project, diabetes was 1 of 2 factors independently associated with stroke recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.85; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.90; P<0.01), and investigators estimated that 9.1% (95% CI, 2.0 to 20.2) of the recurrent strokes were attributable to diabetes.
脳卒中の9.1%は糖尿病は原因
Glucose control is recommended to near-normoglycemic levels among diabetics with ischemic stroke or TIA to reduce microvascular complications (Class I, Level of Evidence A)
血糖値を正常値に下げることが脳卒中発症リスクを軽減する。(Class I, Level of Evidence A)
NEJM Secondary Prevention after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attackhttp://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1107281では脳卒中再発予防を検討しており、結論としてAHAガイドラインを推奨する、というものでした。
この記事の中で脳卒中の10大リスク因子にも言及しており、それは以前紹介した「脳卒中の90%は、10のリスク因子に起因」と同様のものです。ソースはLancetでした。22カ国、3000人の脳卒中患者を対象にした、大規模な調査です。
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561675
Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The contribution of various risk factors to the burden of stroke worldwide is unknown, particularly in countries of low and middle income. We aimed to establish the association of known and emerging risk factors with stroke and its primary subtypes, assess the contribution of these risk factors to the burden of stroke, and explore the differences between risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction.
METHODS:
We undertook a standardised case-control study in 22 countries worldwide between March 1, 2007, and April 23, 2010. Cases were patients with acute first stroke (within 5 days of symptoms onset and 72 h of hospital admission). Controls had no history of stroke, and were matched with cases for age and sex. All participants completed a structured questionnaire and a physical examination, and most provided blood and urine samples. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and population-attributable risks (PARs) for the association of all stroke, ischaemic stroke, and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke with selected risk factors.
FINDINGS:
In the first 3000 cases (n=2337, 78%, with ischaemic stroke; n=663, 22%, with intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke) and 3000 controls, significant risk factors for all stroke were:
history of hypertension (OR 2.64, 99% CI 2.26-3.08; PAR 34.6%, 99% CI 30.4-39.1);
current smoking (2.09, 1.75-2.51; 18.9%, 15.3-23.1);
waist-to-hip ratio (1.65, 1.36-1.99 for highest vs lowest tertile; 26.5%, 18.8-36.0);
diet risk score (1.35, 1.11-1.64 for highest vs lowest tertile; 18.8%, 11.2-29.7);
regular physical activity (0.69, 0.53-0.90; 28.5%, 14.5-48.5);
diabetes mellitus (1.36, 1.10-1.68; 5.0%, 2.6-9.5);
alcohol intake (1.51, 1.18-1.92 for more than 30 drinks per month or binge drinking; 3.8%, 0.9-14.4);
psychosocial stress (1.30, 1.06-1.60; 4.6%, 2.1-9.6) and depression (1.35, 1.10-1.66; 5.2%, 2.7-9.8);
cardiac causes (2.38, 1.77-3.20; 6.7%, 4.8-9.1);
and ratio of apolipoproteins B to A1 (1.89, 1.49-2.40 for highest vs lowest tertile; 24.9%, 15.7-37.1).
Collectively, these risk factors accounted for 88.1% (99% CI 82.3-92.2) of the PAR for all stroke. When an alternate definition of hypertension was used (history of hypertension or blood pressure >160/90 mm Hg), the combined PAR was 90.3% (85.3-93.7) for all stroke. These risk factors were all significant for ischaemic stroke, whereas hypertension, smoking, waist-to-hip ratio, diet, and alcohol intake were significant risk factors for intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke.
INTERPRETATION:
Our findings suggest that ten risk factors are associated with 90% of the risk of stroke. Targeted interventions that reduce blood pressure and smoking, and promote physical activity and a healthy diet, could substantially reduce the burden of stroke.
FUNDING:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Canadian Stroke Network, Pfizer Cardiovascular Award, Merck, AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim.
再掲します。↓
虚血性脳卒中2,337例(78%)、出血性脳卒中663例(22%)の90.3%に以下の10項目いずれかが有意に関係していた。
(1)高血圧の既往歴
(2)喫煙
(3)ウエスト/ヒップ比
(4)脳卒中に関連する食事のリスクスコア
(5)規則的な身体活動
(6)糖尿病
(7)アルコール摂取・・・月に30杯以上飲酒する者あるいは大酒飲み(月に1回以上、5杯以上飲酒する日がある者)
(8)社会心理的ストレスおよびうつ病
(9)心臓の原因
(10)アポリポ蛋白B/A1比
追記
(4)脳卒中に関連する食事のリスクスコア について。
トマト、すなわちリコピンを多く摂ると脳卒中リスクが55%低下した、という研究がありました。http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-19869666#?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2012/10/09/tomatoes-stroke-adhd-fish-mercury-expired-drugs/1622059/
ここで強調しているのは、リコピンよりもむしろ野菜、果物を積極的に摂ることです。野菜、果物の摂取によって抗酸化作用、抗炎症作用、抗血栓作用が期待できます。
39,786人の日本人男女を1990年から2008年まで追跡調査 ソフトドリンクの摂取で女性は脳卒中リスクが21%、脳梗塞リスクが83%Up 男性では有意差無し http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2012/10/17/ajcn.112.037903 http://www.seikatsusyukanbyo.com/calendar/2012/002189.php
Framingham Heart Study 脳の容量減少、白質病変増加は脳卒中発症リスク それぞれ1.97、2.74倍 http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/08/06/STROKEAHA.113.000947.short?rss=1&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter