EXERCISES  A
1
(1) My grandfather's hobby is to collect antiques.
→ collecting

(2) All you have to do is waiting here.
→ (to) wait

(3) One of the most important purposes of learning a foreign language is communicate in that language.
→ to communicate

(4) It is impossible that you look after the child.
→ for you to look

(5) It is important that she knows this fact.
→ for her to know
→ that she (should) know

◇括弧と記号について
[  ]  言い換え可能
※必ずしも同じ意味になるとは限りません。
※どの部分と言い換えが可能なのか、分かりづらいところは、下線を引きました。
(  ) 省略可能

2
(1) 今や日本人選手が大リーグで活躍するのは珍しくなくなってきた。
【解答】
 These days  [Nowadays](,) it is not unusual [not rare / not uncommon] for Jaapanese baseball players to succeed [to play an active role / to have an important role] in the mayor leagues.
(別解1)
 Nowadays(,) it is common [usual] for Japanese players to play active roles in the major leagues.
(別解2)
 These days(,) it is not unusual to see successful Japanese players in the major leagues.

(2) 若いうちに異文化に触れることは貴重な経験である。
【解答】
 It is [will be / would be] a valuable expwrience [a good experience / an important experience / a precious experience] to learn about different cultures [to live abroad (for a while) / to sudy about different cultures] when you are young.
(別解)
 Being exposed to foreign cultures when you are young is [would be] a valuable experience.

(3) 日本のビジネス界では、初対面の人と名刺を交換するのが習慣として定着している。
【解答】
 In the Japanese business world(,) it is custimary to exchange business cards with those [people] (whom / who) you are meeting for the first time.
(別解1)
 In the Japanese business world(,) people usually exchange business cards with those they are meeting for the first time.
(別解2)
 In the Japanese business world, when you are metting someone for the first time, it is usual [common / a common practice] to exchange business cards with them. 

(4) ただ一つのエネルギー源に頼るのは危険だ。
【解答】
 It woukd be risky [dangerous] to depend [to rely] on only one energy source [one source of energy / one kind of energy / one type of energy].
(別解1)
 It is risky [dangerous] to depend only on one energy source.
(別解2)
 It is risky [dangerous] to use only one energy source.

(5) 我々の社会では、父親が母親と同じくらい子育てに関わることは、まだ難しいかもしれない。
【解答】
 In our society, it may [might / could] (still) be difficult [hard] for fathers to be as involved in raising [bringing up] children as mothers (are).
(別解1)
 In our society, it seems that it is difficult for fathers to take part [to participate] in childcare [in child raising] like mothers [(in) the same way mothers do].
(別解2)
 These days [Nowadays](,) in oursociety, it is still difficult fpr fathers to play as important [big] a role as mothers in raising their children.
(別解3)
 In our society, fathers (still) seem to have less time to bring up [to raise] their children than mothers.


EXERCUSES  B

(1) 海外で日本語を教えていて一番有難いのは、学生の素朴な質問に触発されて日本語や日本人に関して教師の我々自身が思いもかけない発見をすることである。
【解答】
 The best thing about [The greatest merit of / The greatest benefit of / The greatest [biggest] advantage of] teaching Japanese abroad [overseas / in foreign countries] is that when (we are) asked by (our) students (seemingly) simple questions about Japanese and Japanese people, we (often) make unexpected discoveries [make discoveries (that / which) we have never thought of [dreamed of (before)]. 
(別解1)
 The greatest satisfaction [The greatest plesure] (that / which)  we get from teaching Japanese abroad comes when (our) students ask us (seemingly) simple questions.  Thinking about the answers to them makes us discover new things about our own language and Japanese people.
(別解2)
 We teach Japanese abroad and when (our) students ask us questions about the Japanese language and Japanse people (that / which) we take for granted [ we do not usually come up with], we are happy [delighted / thrilled] to discover new things (that / which) we have never thought of [dreamed of] (before).
(別解3)
 Teaching Japanese abroad, we are sometimes asked by (our) students (seemingly) simple questions about the Japanese language and Japanese people.  However, these questions make us discover new thins (that / which) we have never thought of [dreamed of] (before), which is a really thrilling experience.
(別解4)
 When we teach Japanese at schools abroad, we learn a lot about Japanese language and Japanese people from simple questions (that / which) (our) students ask us.  This is a wonderful [precious] experience.

(2) 土地の値段が日本一と言われる目抜き通りの木に、カラスが巣をつくるなんて、なかなか賢い。
【解答】
 It is very [quite] clever of that crow to build [have / make] his nest [its nest] in a tree on a busy street where land price are said to be the highest in Japan.
(別解1)
 I have heard [I hear] that a crow has built his nest in a tree on the main street where land price are said to be the highest in Japan. How clever (it is) of crow!
(別解2)
 That crow must be shrewd to build its nest in a tree along a thoroughfare that runs through [cuts through] some of the most expensive [the most costly] real estate in Japan.

(3) 上下関係を大切にする日本社会において、外国から来た人が戸惑うことの一つに、日本人は極めて控えめに自己をPRすることがあげられる。
【解答】
 One of the most bewildering [confusing / puzzling] things for foreigners who comes to Japan, where pecking orders [hierarchical relationships / vertical relationships / relationships between seniors and juniors [subordinates]] are highly stressed [valued / emphasized / respected], is that Japanese advertise [sell] themselves too modestly.
(別解1)
 One of the most bewildering things for foreigners who come to Japan, where pecking orders are highly stressed, is that Japanese hardly ever [rarely / seldom] advertise [sell] themselves.
(別解2)
 One of the things that bewilder [perplex / puzzle] visitors to Japan is that Japanese are not good at advertising themselves in the seniority system of Japanese society.
(別解3)
 One of the things that are hard [difficult] for foreigners to understand about Japanese people is that they are very modest (about advertising themselves).

(4) 会話のもう一つの目的が意見交換であることを考えると、英会話のスタートは、まず自分の意見をしっかり持つことだといえます。
【解答】
 Considering [Given] (that) one of the (most important / main) purpose [object] of conversation is to exchange ideas, the first thing to do before starting to speak English [starting to talk in English / beginning to speak English / beginnimg to talk in English] is to have [to form] your own (define) opinions[ideas] (about various things).
(別解1)
 One of the (most important) purpose of conversation is an exchange of ideas.  Considering this, the first step of English conversation is to think about what you have to say.
(別解2)
 Cosidering that people talk mainly (in order) to exchange ideas [to express what they think and how they feel], you should first of all have some opinions to express [offer / state / share / put forward] (about various things) before you try to speak Englisg.
(別解3)
 Exchanging ideas is one purpose of conversation, so you need some opinions before you try to speak English.

(5) 教育のもっとも重要な役割のひとつは、若い人が社会のどのような変化に対してもうまく対処できるように準備させることである。
【解答】
 One of the most important roles [functions] of education [(that) education has] is to enable young people to [to allow young people to / to make it possible for young people to / to help young people (to) /teach young people how to] deal (successfully / effectively / wisely / well) with [cope with / handle / adapt to] any changes [any change / any kind of change(s)] in society.
(別解1)
 One of the most important functions of education is to help young people (to) develop [improve] their ability to deal effectively with any changes in society.
(別解2)
 One of the most imporatant functions [roles] of education is to prepare young people to deal wisely with whatever changes occur [whatever changes they face / whatever changes there are] in society
(別解3)
 One of the most important roles of education is to teach young people how to deal with any changes insociety.

◇Further Exepress
 I believe that you should tarvel abroad for the following reasons.
 Firstly, you can get to know another country through personal experoence.  Eating the local food, seeing the landscape, art and architectur and communicating with the local people will create a deep impression, quite unlike they merely abstract experience of reading facts about the country in the book, which are soon forgotten.
 Secondly, your experience of communicating with people whose way of thinking differs from yours will give you a more objective idea of good and bad aspects of the society to which you belong.
 Thirdly, it will give you a chance ti use a foreign language in a practical way and to realize that the language is an expression of the character of the people.  The memories of your experiences there will make you feel that the language has become a part of you and that you would like to develop this aspect of yourself further.
 In conclision, traveling to another country will give you a genuine and personal motivation to syudy foreign language and a real interest in foreign countries.  This kind of awakening among people is vital to the future of the world.
(197語)